history of computers

💻 History of Computer | History of Computer Development in Hindi

The modern computers we see today didn't come about suddenly; their history stretches back many years . When humans were learning to count, they began developing devices that could aid in calculations . Over time, many calculating devices were developed, laying the foundation for modern computers. Let's explore these in detail, one by one.

🔹 1. Abacus

Invented by the Chinese mathematician Li Kai-chen, it is a rectangular wooden structure consisting of 10 horizontal rods, each rod containing 7 beads.
Time: About 5000 years ago, China
What it is: Sticks and beads in a wooden frame
How it worked: Calculations like addition and subtraction were performed by sliding the beads
Special feature: It is still used from time to time in China, Japan and some parts of India.

🔹 2. Napier Bones

John Napier invented it, hence it is named after him as Napier's Bones.
Time: 1617, Scotland
What it is: 10 rectangular strips made of bones that solve multiplication and division very quickly
Significance: The first device that made calculations easier and faster

🔹 3. Slide Rule

Time: 1620, Germany
Who: William Oughtred
How it worked: Based on the principle of logarithms, the product, quotient, or square root of two numbers was calculated by adding or subtracting the components of a number.
Special feature: Used for scientific calculations until the 1970s, when it was replaced by electronic calculators.

🔹 4. Pascal's Calculator

Time: 1642, France
Inventor: Blaise Pascal
What it did: This machine was mainly used for addition and subtraction.
Special: Added numbers by rotating toothed wheels; also known as "Pascal's adding machine"
It was improved by Gottfried von Leibniz of Germany.

🔹 5. Leibniz's mechanical calculator

Time: 1671, Germany
Reformer: Gottfried von Leibniz
What it does: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Special feature: Pascal's machine was improved to remove its shortcomings. It was also called the Reckoning Machine.

🔹 6. Jacquard's Loom

Time: 1801, France was a textile engineer
Inventor: Joseph Marie Jaccard
What is: Knitting machine that used punched cards
Significance: Later became the basis for the punch card system of computers

🔹 7. Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engine

Time: 1822-1833, England
Invention: Charles Babbage, also known as the father of the computer
What it was: A machine with units such as input, storage, mill (processing unit), control, and output
Special: The first program was written by Lady Ada Lovelace – the world's first programmer

🔹 8. Hollerith's tabulating machine

Time: 1889, America
Who: Created by Dr. Herman Hollerith
What was done: This machine was used for the first census, completing a 10-year task in two years. This machine was based on punch card technology.
Special feature: The company was later renamed IBM, which remains the largest computer manufacturing company even today.

🔹 9. Mark-1

Time: Came into existence in 1943 by the US
Who: Dr. Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
What is it: An electro-mechanical computer that could perform large calculations quickly
Significance: A major step towards modern computers

🔹 Other early computers

ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) – 1942
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) – 1946
EDSAC – 1949
EDVAC – 1950
UNIVAC-1 – 1951
LEO-1 – 1951

👩‍💻 महिलाओं का योगदान – Women in Computing

कंप्यूटर के इतिहास में महिलाओं का योगदान भी महत्वपूर्ण रहा है। कुछ प्रमुख योगदानकर्ता:

लेडी एडा लवलेस (Ada Lovelace) – दुनिया की पहली प्रोग्रामर, जिन्होंने चार्ल्स बैबेज के विश्लेषणात्मक इंजन के लिए पहले algorithm को लिखा।
ग्रेस हॉपर (Grace Hopper) – COBOL प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा की डेवलपर, और early compiler concept की जनक।
इन महिलाओं के योगदान से कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग और software development के क्षेत्र में नई दिशा मिली।

💻 सॉफ्टवेयर और प्रोग्रामिंग का इतिहास

कंप्यूटर के शुरुआती दिन से ही software और programming का विकास हुआ। मुख्य बिंदु:

पहली प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाएँ: Fortran (1957), COBOL (1959), Lisp (1958)
Graphical User Interface (GUI): 1970s-80s में विकसित हुआ, जिसने computer use को आसान और user-friendly बनाया।
Operating Systems का विकास: DOS, Windows, UNIX, Linux और modern OSs की शुरुआत इसी दौर में हुई।
Software evolution ने hardware की capabilities को अधिक effectively utilize करना संभव बनाया।

🌐 नेटवर्किंग और इंटरनेट का प्रारंभ

कंप्यूटर का इतिहास सिर्फ hardware तक ही सीमित नहीं है, networking और Internet के विकास ने इसे global बना दिया।

ARPANET: 1960s में अमेरिका में विकसित, यह पहला operational packet switching network था।
TCP/IP प्रोटोकॉल: Internet के लिए standardized communication protocol, 1983 में लागू।
World Wide Web: 1991 में Tim Berners-Lee द्वारा विकसित, जिसने information sharing को आसान बनाया।
इंटरनेट और नेटवर्किंग ने कंप्यूटर को isolated machine से global communication का जरिया बना दिया।

🛡️ कंप्यूटर सुरक्षा और साइबर सुरक्षा का इतिहास

जैसे-जैसे कंप्यूटर का उपयोग बढ़ा, security challenges भी बढ़े।

प्रारंभिक viruses: 1970s-1980s में simple programs जो data corrupt कर सकते थे।
Antivirus software: 1987 में पहला commercial antivirus विकसित हुआ।
Modern cybersecurity: Encryption, Firewalls, Intrusion Detection, और ethical hacking का विकास।
Cybersecurity ने digital दुनिया को सुरक्षित बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई।

🇮🇳 भारत में कंप्यूटर और IT revolution

भारत में कंप्यूटर और IT क्षेत्र में भी महत्वपूर्ण विकास हुआ।

Tata और Infosys: शुरुआती IT कंपनियों ने India को global IT hub बनाया।
IT Boom: 1990s में Y2K और outsourcing revolution ने IT sector को तेजी से बढ़ाया।
Computer education: सरकारी initiatives जैसे Digital India ने कंप्यूटर शिक्षा को ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों में पहुँचाया।
भारत में कंप्यूटर revolution ने रोजगार के अवसर बढ़ाए और डिजिटल transformation को गति दी।

💻 What is Computer

If you want to know what is a computer and how it works, then check out our complete post.

🧮 Five Generations of Computer

To know about the development of computer and Computer ki Panch Pidi, read this post and understand the importance of every generation.

📚Classification of Computer

Read Computer ka Vargikarna to know about computers according to their types and uses .

कंप्यूटर के विकास का इतिहास 2025 – जानिए कैसे शुरू हुआ डिजिटल युग