history of computers

💻 History of Computer | History of Computer Development in Hindi

The modern computers we see today didn't come about suddenly; their history stretches back many years . When humans were learning to count, they began developing devices that could aid in calculations . Over time, many calculating devices were developed, laying the foundation for modern computers. Let's explore these in detail, one by one.

🔹 1. Abacus

Invented by the Chinese mathematician Li Kai-chen, it is a rectangular wooden structure consisting of 10 horizontal rods, each rod containing 7 beads.
Time: About 5000 years ago, China
What it is: Sticks and beads in a wooden frame
How it worked: Calculations like addition and subtraction were performed by sliding the beads
Special feature: It is still used from time to time in China, Japan and some parts of India.

🔹 2. Napier Bones

John Napier invented it, hence it is named after him as Napier's Bones.
Time: 1617, Scotland
What it is: 10 rectangular strips made of bones that solve multiplication and division very quickly
Significance: The first device that made calculations easier and faster

🔹 3. Slide Rule

Time: 1620, Germany
Who: William Oughtred
How it worked: Based on the principle of logarithms, the product, quotient, or square root of two numbers was calculated by adding or subtracting the components of a number.
Special feature: Used for scientific calculations until the 1970s, when it was replaced by electronic calculators.

🔹 4. Pascal's Calculator

Time: 1642, France
Inventor: Blaise Pascal
What it did: This machine was mainly used for addition and subtraction.
Special: Added numbers by rotating toothed wheels; also known as "Pascal's adding machine"
It was improved by Gottfried von Leibniz of Germany.

🔹 5. Leibniz's mechanical calculator

Time: 1671, Germany
Reformer: Gottfried von Leibniz
What it does: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Special feature: Pascal's machine was improved to remove its shortcomings. It was also called the Reckoning Machine.

🔹 6. Jacquard's Loom

Time: 1801, France was a textile engineer
Inventor: Joseph Marie Jaccard
What is: Knitting machine that used punched cards
Significance: Later became the basis for the punch card system of computers

🔹 7. Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engine

Time: 1822-1833, England
Invention: Charles Babbage, also known as the father of the computer
What it was: A machine with units such as input, storage, mill (processing unit), control, and output
Special: The first program was written by Lady Ada Lovelace – the world's first programmer

🔹 8. Hollerith's tabulating machine

Time: 1889, America
Who: Created by Dr. Herman Hollerith
What was done: This machine was used for the first census, completing a 10-year task in two years. This machine was based on punch card technology.
Special feature: The company was later renamed IBM, which remains the largest computer manufacturing company even today.

🔹 9. Mark-1

Time: Came into existence in 1943 by the US
Who: Dr. Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
What is it: An electro-mechanical computer that could perform large calculations quickly
Significance: A major step towards modern computers